2013年4月15日 星期一

Enter Google Earth. Enter Google Maps. A Crack in the Darkness

Essay

A Crack in the Darkness

That old dictum, write what you know? I’ve always thought that was terrible advice. Most of us don’t know much. And what we do know can feel shopworn in the retelling. Shopworn or just divested of emotional content. Sometimes, the things we’re closest to — our lives, for instance — are the very things we least want to examine with rigor.

So I prefer: Write what you can learn about. Alternately: Write what interests you. Because it interests you for a reason, and that reason probably has to do with the rough stuff of your inner life. Put differently, writing about things you don’t know seems a useful, albeit sneaky, gateway to material you cannot access otherwise. This is especially true of people who resist confrontation with their darker selves. I submit that I am one of those people, which is probably why my latest novel is about cults and cloud seeding, spies and disguise, the Department of the Interior and, in some measure, North Korea, which was not only unknown to me but in many ways unknowable.
What is perhaps most arresting about North Korea is that it is an isolated country that has made of isolation a sustaining ethos. It has allowed a policy of exceptionalism to estrange its people from the rest of the world, lest they realize that the North Korean project has come at too high a price. Solipsism reigns unfettered in North Korea, alongside gross poverty, fear of imprisonment and a growing dissident movement that’s managed to smuggle out what little we know about the travesties prosecuted in this loneliest of states.
If you want to write about North Korea, it’s not hard to find pictures of the monuments and colossal boulevards of Pyongyang, the capital city, because these are the images sanctioned and disseminated by the government, and all that any visitor allowed into North Korea is allowed to see of it. But if you are interested in the rest of the country — at least if you are a writer who wants to put characters on the ground there — the obvious problem becomes: How to render what these characters see? How to describe the topography of the landscape? In essence, how to breach the misanthropy of a country just for getting its street names right?
Enter Google Earth. Enter Google Maps.
I happened on Google Earth a few years ago while reading up on Scientology and, O.K., about John Travolta and his demesne, which can apparently accommodate two private planes. But don’t believe me, see for yourself: here are the coordinates on Google Earth. . . . Wait — what? I downloaded the program and was, in an instant, floored by this technology. Forget Travolta’s place. I could visit the Grand Canyon, which, unbelievably, I once drove right by without stopping. I could check out aerial photos of cattle worldwide and see if they really do orient themselves along a north-south axis while they graze. I could return to my childhood home in Cleveland. And perhaps most astonishingly, I could take a look at North Korea — at a map of the country overlaid with satellite imagery and captions. What an incredible resource for a writer. If you can’t get to a place yourself, spy on it.
The problem is, if you know anything about mapmaking, you know it’s a tricky business. Maps have a way of ratifying contested boundaries and histories, especially Google Maps, whose power is such that its border choices can look like a proxy for international approval. Maps tend to skew as much as they clarify: consider the difference between a traditional electoral map that paints most of the United States red, and a cartogram that (a) accounts for population so that Rhode Island looks twice as big as Wisconsin and (b) represents the voting spectrum of red and blue, suggesting the country is less divided than mixed, less red-and-blue than purple. Maps have a way of lying or at least telling the victor’s story, which is why Google’s effort to crowdsource mapmaking has its detractors. Consider the fury that erupted a few years ago when a Palestinian physician posted a user’s note on Google Earth maintaining that the Israeli town Kiryat Yam was stolen from the Palestinians in 1948. Or what Cambodia has to say about Google’s pro-Thai depiction of the disputed border around the Preah Vihear temple.
Even so, if maps are about selective narration, they are also about telling on the bad guys. For all we know, the uprising in Bahrain owes some of its genesis to Google Earth, whose rendering of that country’s unequal land distribution among rich and poor seems grist for all manner of discontent.
Earlier this year, Google announced a new map of North Korea that includes subway stops, schools and labor camps, which the government has always denied exist. The map is certainly more detailed than its precursor — especially if you’re looking at street names in Pyongyang — though some of the information gathered there has been available through Google Earth for a while. Aerial photos of the gulag Yodok, otherwise known as Camp 15 (described in the prison memoir “The Aquariums of Pyongyang”); photos of Kaechon (more recently described in “Escape From Camp 14”); photos of the border town Hyesan and of Kanggye, home to Plant 26, where many of the country’s nuclear aspirations are pursued underground. All of this is suitably horrifying, though what was most revelatory to me about Google Earth’s offerings were the railway lines marked in blue, and the option to adopt the perspective of someone on the ground, even to see how light falls across the landscape at any hour of any day.
For a writer, then, the thrill of Google Earth probably isn’t that it can take you elsewhere — though this is fun — but that it can help stimulate an empathetic response to places and people in emotional predicaments so foreign, they begin to look familiar if you look hard enough.
So there I was at 3 a.m. on a cold December in 2004, on the banks of the Tumen River, on the Chinese side of the border with North Korea, with ambitions to cross over. The sun would be up in less than five hours, but for how dark it was, I’d lost all hope the sun would rise again. It was freezing, and I felt as if I couldn’t see past my own body. As if the hubris and ego of my life were as cornerstones of a dungeon to myself. And yet, being miles from what I knew, in a place where the forlorn would inherit the earth, I had the horrible thought that maybe I belonged there. The sun rose at 7:54. There was an arrangement of stars pretzeled above the southern horizon. I crossed the river untested, but it was just one trial among many.
If Google’s new map had come out five years ago, I could have used those street names in Pyongyang to ramp up the verisimilitude of my account of things there in my novel. Even so, there’s a threshold to truth-telling that I probably can’t cross, whether I’m writing about North Korea or what its lonely ethic has to do with me. Which is why I now marvel at how easily I’d managed to brave the pretense that just because you’ve opened a door on a dark place — and even gone so far as to map it — just because you’ve romped across the terrain of the remote and creepy stuff of your inner life, you’ve somehow told it like it is. Though I like to think I got close. Closer, in any case, than if I’d stayed home among the routine executions of my day.
Fiona Maazel is the author of “Last Last Chance,” a novel. Her second novel, “Woke Up Lonely,” will be published next month.

谷歌地圖,窺見黑暗朝鮮的一道縫隙

Illustration by Leo Jung

老話常說:寫你所知。我一直覺得這個建議不怎麼樣。我們大多數人知道的並不多。而那些我們知道的事情呢,再去跟別人轉述,感覺也很老套或者缺乏感情。有時,我們最了解的事情——比如我們的生活——正是我們最不想仔細研究的東西。

所以我更願意寫那些我可以去了解的東西。換句話說,就是寫你感興趣的內容。因為它能引起你的興趣是有原因的,而那個原因很可能與你內心世界的陰暗面 有關。也就是說,“寫你不知道的事情”似乎是一種有效而又隱蔽的方法,能讓你接觸到用其他辦法無法接觸的信息。對於那些拒絕與自己的陰暗面對抗的人來說, 尤其如此。我承認我就是那樣的人,也許這就是為什麼我最新的小說是關於邪教和人工降雨,間諜和偽裝,以及內政部和朝鮮(從某種程度上)的。朝鮮不僅是我不 了解的,而且從很多方面講,是誰都不可能了解的。
朝鮮最吸引人的地方也許在於,它是一個孤立的國家,孤立已經成了它長久的理念。它執行“例外主義”的政策,使它的人民與世隔絕,以免他們意識到朝鮮 模式已經付出了過高的代價。唯我主義肆無忌憚地主導着朝鮮,人民普遍貧窮,擔心被關押,不同政見運動越來越多,勉強讓我們稍稍窺見這個最孤立的國家荒唐的 一面。
如果你想寫朝鮮的事,你不難找到首都平壤的各種紀念碑和寬闊的大道,因為這些是經政府審查後同意散播的圖片,也是任何獲准進入朝鮮的遊客能夠看到的 全部景象。但是如果你對該國的其他地方感興趣——至少身為作家,如果你想讓筆下的人物在這片土地上生活的話——你明顯會遇到這些問題:如何描寫人物看到的 景象?如何描寫那裡的地貌?關鍵是,你怎樣才能打破該國的反感態度,哪怕只是為了把它的街道名字寫對?
去谷歌地球(Google Earth)查一查。去谷歌地圖(Google Maps)查一查。
幾年前我研究山達基教的時候,碰巧用過谷歌地球。好吧,我承認我還用它看過約翰·特拉沃爾塔(John Travolta)的私人宅邸,它明顯能容得下兩架私人飛機。但是你別光聽我說,你自己去看看:它在谷歌地球上的坐標是……等一下——什麼?我下載了那個 程序,很快就被這種技術迷住了。別管特拉沃爾塔的宅邸了。我能參觀大峽谷,我曾開車從那裡經過,居然沒停下來去看看。我還能查看世界各地的牧群的航空照 片,看看它們吃草的時候是否真能自己按照南北軸線來確定方向。我還能回到我位於克利夫蘭市的童年的家。也許最讓人震驚的是,我能通過衛星圖片和圖注做成的 地圖看一眼朝鮮。對一個作家來說,這是多麼不可思議的信息來源啊。如果你不能親自去一個地方,你也可以窺探它。
問題是,如果你對地圖製作有所了解,你就知道它是個很複雜的工作。從某種意義上講,地圖對有爭議的邊界和歷史進行了確定,特別是谷歌地圖,它巨大的 影響力使得它對邊界的選擇像是代表了國際社會的看法。地圖對事實的扭曲與它對事實的澄清一樣多:讓我們比較一下傳統選舉地圖和統計圖的區別,前者把美國的 大部分地方都塗成了紅色,而後者(1)按人口繪製,所以羅德島看起來是威斯康星州的兩倍大,(2)用紅和藍代表投票圖譜,它顯示出各州對兩黨的態度並不是 涇渭分明,而是混雜在一起的;不是紅藍分明,而是紅藍混合而成的紫色。地圖會說謊,或者至少它講述的是勝利者的故事,這就是為什麼谷歌嘗試把地圖製作的工 作分包給大眾時遭到了批評。還記得幾年前一個巴勒斯坦醫生在谷歌地球上發佈了一個用戶注釋,聲稱以色列小鎮科雅特揚(Kiryat Yam)是1948年以色列從巴勒斯坦偷過去的,此事引起了軒然大波。谷歌在柏威夏(Preah Vihear)神廟附近的爭議邊界問題上偏向泰國,你想想柬埔寨對此會做出什麼反應。
地圖不僅能做出選擇,還能揭發壞人。眾所周知,巴林騷亂的起因之一就是谷歌地球,它顯示出該國對富人和窮人的土地分配不公平,引起了各種不滿。
今年早些時候,谷歌發佈了新的朝鮮地圖,加入了地鐵站、學校和勞改所,最後一項是該國政府一直否認存在的。這份地圖當然比前一份更詳細——如果你想 查看平壤的街道名稱,這一點感覺尤其明顯——不過那裡搜集的某些信息,在谷歌地球上已經存在一段時間了。古拉格勞改營(gulag Yodok)的衛星照片,此地又名“15營”(監獄回憶錄《平壤水族館》[The Aquariums of Pyongyang]對此有所描述);價川集中營的照片(Kaechon,對此地最新的描述出現在《逃離14營》[Escape From Camp 14]中);邊境小鎮惠山(Hyesan)和江界(Kanggye)的照片,這裡是“26工廠”(Plant 26)的所在地,該國的核武器計劃大多都是在這裡的地下進行的。所有這些信息是有些令人震驚,不過谷歌地球提供的信息中對我最有用的是用藍色標示的地鐵 線,以及從地面上的人的視角看到的景象,甚至能在任何一天的任何時間,看到光線照在景物上的情形。
對一個作家來說,谷歌地球令人興奮的地方很可能不在於它能帶你到別的地方——雖然這一點也挺有趣的——而在於它有助於你對其他陌生的地方,以及生活在精神困境中的陌生人產生共鳴。如果你看得夠認真的話,這些地方開始變得有些熟悉。
所以在2004年寒冷的12月的凌晨3點,我站在中朝界河圖們江畔中國的這一側,想要到另一邊去。還有不到5個小時,太陽就要升起來了,但是現在是 多麼黑呀,我對太陽還會升起完全失去了希望。天特別冷,而且特別黑,我感覺除了自己什麼都看不見。我人生中的傲慢和自負好像是囚禁自己的土牢的基石。但是 在幾英里之外,孤苦無助的人們將繼承那片土地,我忽然產生了一個可怕的想法:也許我屬於那裡。太陽在7點54分升起來了。南方的地平線上空出現了一排星 星。我未經檢查就過了河,但是這只是很多磨難中的一次。
假如谷歌的新地圖能提前五年做出來,我就可以用平壤街道的名字來增加我的小說的真實感。即便如此,我很可能依然無法邁過那道通往真實講述的門檻—— 不管我寫的是朝鮮,還是它孤立的觀念對我的影響。這也是為什麼我現在訝異於自己這麼容易地就敢於面對這個假象:僅僅因為你在黑暗的地方打開了一扇門——甚 至去繪製它的地圖——僅僅因為你在這片遙遠的土地上遊盪過,探尋過你內心世界的陰暗面,不知怎麼你就能講得好像真的一樣。不過我樂於認為我的敘述比較接近 真實。不管怎樣,比我待在家裡按部就班地過日子更接近真實。
菲奧娜·馬策爾(Fiona Maazel)是小說《最後的機會》(Last Last Chance)的作者。她的第二本小說《孤獨地醒來》(Woke Up Lonely)將於下個月出版。
本文最初發表於2013年3月31日。
翻譯:王艷

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